YAG

Key Differentiators

• RI 1.833 — fixed, single value (isotropic); immediately diagnostic
• SG 4.55 — noticeably heavy for apparent size
• Singly refractive — isotropic; no birefringence, no facet doubling
• Hardness 8–8.5 — does not scratch easily
• Historic diamond simulant from 1960s–70s; now replaced by CZ but still found in vintage jewelry

Natural vs. Synthetic

Synthetic yag is commercially available (Czochralski (pulled)). Distinguishing natural from synthetic typically requires microscopic examination of internal features.

Common Simulants

• Cubic Zirconia (CZ): CZ replaced YAG as the dominant diamond simulant after ~1976. Both are isotropic synthetics with high luster. CZ has much higher SG 5.6–6.0 (vs YAG 4.50–4.60); CZ RI ~2.15–2.18 (vs YAG ~1.833). A thermal probe reads both as non-diamond; use SG and RI to confirm which synthetic it is.
• Almandine Garnet: YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) was designed to mimic natural garnet. Almandine has RI 1.790 (lower than YAG 1.833) and SG 3.95–4.20 (lower than YAG 4.50–4.60). Natural garnet shows inclusions; YAG is flawless under magnification with no natural growth features.
• Synthetic Spinel: Synthetic spinel (especially colored varieties) is another synthetic simulant sometimes confused with colored YAG. Synthetic spinel SG ~3.63 (much lower than YAG ~4.55); RI ~1.718 (lower than YAG ~1.833). Distinguishable by refractometer and heft test.

Commonly Confused With

Commonly confused with: Diamond, Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald.

About YAG

YAG (Yttrium Aluminum Garnet, Y₃Al₅O₁₂) is a man-made material with no natural counterpart. It was widely used as a diamond simulant from the 1960s to mid-1970s before being supplanted by cubic zirconia. YAG is still routinely encountered in vintage and estate jewelry. Its fixed RI of 1.833 is instantly diagnostic on a refractometer — no natural gem reads exactly 1.833 except YAG. It is isotropic (like spinel and garnet) with no birefringence. Colored YAG was also produced as simulants for ruby (red/pink), emerald (green), and sapphire (blue) by doping with rare earth elements.